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Programmatic Transparency Benchmark

Q2 2026

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Key Findings — Q2 2026
TrueCPM Index
32.6%
–1.3pp vs. Q1 '26
TrueAdSpend Index
45.1%
+1.8pp vs. Q1 '26

Working Media Improves, but Pricing Pressure Returns

The Q2 2026 Benchmark shows two important pictures. Working-media efficiency kept improving — TrueAdSpend rose to 45.1%, up +1.8pp from Q1 and the highest level since benchmarking began. Non-viewable inventory fell (13.3% → 10.1%) and IVT held near zero (0.1%). Pricing efficiency, however, moved the other way: CPM increased from $4.27 to $6.09, lifting TrueCPM from $6.47 to $9.03. With quality improving alongside the price rise, the TrueCPM Index eased to 32.6% (–1.3pp) — a marginally more efficient marketplace. Transaction costs rose to 27.2% (+1.3pp), and participation reached a milestone: 85 marketers are now actively contributing data — up 29% from Q1.

The data reinforces a clear conclusion: programmatic efficiency is driven by the ability to actively manage quality, price, measurement, and curate supply at scale, not by traditional transaction cost components.

"Better performing marketers are actively managing quality, price, measurement, and supply curation at scale — and it is showing in every metric."
1

Performance Divergence Widens

TrueAdSpend rose to 45.1% at market level. The higher-performing cohort sits at 52.3% while the lower half is at 31.1% — a 21.2pp gap. Both cohorts saw modest declines, but the quality separation persists, driven by media-productivity differences. Notably, 35% of participating marketers now exceed 50% TrueAdSpend, up from 25% in Q1.

2

TrueCPM Is the Essential Efficiency Metric

At an overall market level, TrueCPM rose to $9.03 with the TrueCPM Index at 32.6%. CPM increased to $6.09, more aligned with the price profile of Q2 2025 showing a higher quality premium than Q1. Between cohorts, the TrueCPM framework captures the true cost of quality that headline CPM alone hides.

3

Quality Optimization Reduces Cost

The higher-performing cohort converts significantly more spend into media meeting TrueKPI standards. Tighter supply footprints and better measurement coverage eliminate the waste that inflates effective cost — quality management, not cheaper inventory, is what closes the gap.

4

Non-Measurable Inventory Is the #1 Drag on Quality

The cohort gap is driven by measurability, not price. The lower half loses 22.7% of spend to non-measurable inventory versus 10.4% for the higher half — a 12.3pp gap and the single biggest driver of the TrueAdSpend divide. Fixing measurement, not cutting CPMs, is the fastest route to working media.

5

Cheap Impressions Are the Most Expensive

Headline CPM hides the real cost. The lower cohort's $6.55 CPM looks cheaper than the higher half's $7.90 — yet its TrueCPM is higher ($13.80 vs $11.94). Buying on stated price instead of quality-adjusted cost systematically overpays for impressions that never work.

Cost Waterfall

What is the Cost Waterfall?

The Cost Waterfall provides a clear, step-by-step breakdown of how ad spending is allocated and where inefficiencies occur.

Built from reconciled log-level data (LLD) between demand-side platforms (DSPs), ad verification providers and other data feeds. For more detailed findings, register to get free access to the ANA Interactive Benchmark.

Cost Waterfall metrics are calculated in sequence taking averages across advertisers. Agency fees, ad serving fees and managed service fees are not included.

Distribution of Total Ad Spend — Q2 2026 Market Level

Sequential step-down showing how every $1,000 of total ad spend is allocated across transaction costs, loss of media productivity and TrueAdSpend. Values below each bar are the variations from Q1 2026.

Total Spend / Transaction Costs
Loss of Media Productivity
TrueAdSpend
waterfallChart

Efficiency Continues to Improve in Q2 2026

Q2 2026 extends the positive trend in media productivity, with TrueAdSpend rising to 45.1% (+1.8pp). Non-viewable spend fell to 10.1% (–3.2pp) and IVT held near-zero (0.1%), while non-measurable was broadly flat at 16.2%. Transaction costs rose to 27.2% (+1.3pp) as higher DSP Other and SSP fees outweighed lower DSP Platform and Data fees.

TrueAdSpend rose from 43.3% to 45.1%, driven by lower non-measurable inventory and near-elimination of IVT fraud.

Key Trends

  • Continued improvement in working media: Non-viewable spend fell from 13.3% to 10.1% and IVT held near-zero (0.1%), extending the Q1 gains.
  • Transaction costs broadly stable: DSP Platform and Data fees eased while DSP Other and SSP fees rose, leaving total transaction costs at 27.2% (up from 25.9%).
  • Cleaner supply mix: IVT held near-zero (0.2% to 0.1%) and MFA stayed near 1.3%, while non-viewable spend fell to 10.1%.

What It Means

Quality — not cost — remains the primary performance driver, consistent with prior findings. Efficiency gains are now coming from better delivery (viewability), not cheaper supply paths.

The Q2 data highlights a split: media quality (measurability, IVT) continued to improve, while pricing efficiency slipped as CPMs recovered — TrueCPM rose to $9.03 and the TrueCPM Index widened to 32.6%. Managing the price of quality is now the key lever alongside supply-quality enforcement.

Higher & Lower Cohorts — Performance Gap

Performance Stabilizes at the Top While the Bottom Half Falls Further Behind

The Q2 2026 Benchmark confirms a structural performance divide. The higher half achieves 52.3% TrueAdSpend while the lower half reaches just 31.1% — a gap of 21.2pp. Transaction costs differ widely (23.6% vs. 31.4%), but the bigger driver remains media productivity: the higher-half loses 24.1% to quality issues while the lower-half loses 37.5% — more than one and a half times as much. The gap has narrowed slightly, but a clear divide still exists.

TrueAdSpend % — Higher vs. Lower Half

Quarterly trend Q1 2025 → Q2 2026 · 21.2pp gap in Q2 2026

cohortTrendChart
Q1 '25Q2 '25Q3 '25Q4 '25Q1 '26Q2 '26
Higher Half TrueAdSpend50.7%52.5%54.8%56.7%54.0%52.3%
Lower Half TrueAdSpend35.7%38.5%41.4%37.5%32.1%31.1%

Q2 2026 Cohort Comparison

Higher half outperforms across all quality dimensions

TrueAdSpend 52.3% ↑31.1% ↓

Persistent performance gap: top half converts 68.2% more spend into quality impressions, with both cohorts seeing modest Q2 declines.

Total Transaction Costs 23.6%31.4%

Transaction cost gap widens in Q2: lower performers now pay 7.8pp more in transaction costs — an increasingly significant structural disadvantage.

Total Media Productivity Loss 24.1%37.5%

Primary driver: lower performers still lose 56% more spend to low-quality delivery — the core cause of the TrueAdSpend gap.

Non-Measurable Inventory 10.4%22.7%

Lower half carries 2.2× more non-measurable inventory (22.7% vs 10.4%), limiting verification and quality control.

Non-Viewable Inventory 11.8%12.6%

Viewability gap narrows to just 0.8pp (11.8% vs 12.6%) — both cohorts show strong viewability improvement in Q2.

CPM vs TrueCPM (effective cost) $7.90 / $11.94$6.55 / $13.80

TrueCPM gap narrows dramatically in Q2: a $1.35 CPM difference becomes a $1.86 TrueCPM gap — down from $11.58 in Q1, reflecting significant quality convergence.

Unique Domains & Apps 46,51665,412

Better outcomes come from focus: top performers use a more concentrated supply set (46,516 vs 65,412 domains), reducing exposure to low-quality inventory.

Higher Half Lower Half

Structural Supply Chain Differences

Higher-performing advertisers consistently operate with significantly more concentrated supply footprints (46,516 domains/apps vs. 65,412 for the lower half). Although they maintain similar levels of private marketplace deals, the upper cohort demonstrates a clear preference for inventory that can be measured for viewability and verified for quality.

The lower-performing cohort remains distributed across a broader supply base, with correspondingly higher exposure to non-measurable inventory. The 12.3pp gap in non-measurable rates (10.4% vs. 22.7%) between cohorts remains the primary driver of the TrueAdSpend divide.

What Changed in Q2

From Q1 to Q2, both cohorts saw modest TrueAdSpend declines — from 54.0% to 52.3% for the higher-half and from 32.1% to 31.1% for the lower-half. Both cohorts improve on non-viewable rates, but the lower half continues to struggle with non-measurable exposure.

For top performers, non-viewable dropped to 11.8% and non-measurable to 10.4% — both strong metrics. For the lower-half, non-measurable remains elevated at 22.7%, and non-viewable sits at 12.6%. Combined, these two quality issues account for 35.3% of lower-half spend.

Key Takeaways

  • Transaction cost gap widens in Q2: The higher half now has 23.6% TC vs. 31.4% for the lower half — a 7.8pp difference, indicating the lower cohort also faces supply chain cost disadvantages.
  • Non-measurable inventory remains the #1 quality problem — a 12.3pp gap between cohorts (10.4% vs. 22.7%).
  • TrueCPM gap narrows: A $1.35 CPM difference ($7.90 vs. $6.55) results in only a $1.86 TrueCPM gap ($11.94 vs. $13.80) — with the lower half actually now showing only a slightly higher TrueCPM, reflecting the mix effect of improved quality metrics.
  • 35% of participating marketers now exceed 50% TrueAdSpend, up from 25% in Q1 — a significant milestone in benchmark progress.

Full Cohort Comparison Table — Q2 2026

Every cost line — Q2 Lower Half vs. Q2 Higher Half with variation

Metric Q2 Low (Lower Half) Q2 High (Higher Half) Variation
CPM Efficiency
CPM Average$6.55$7.90+$1.35
TrueCPM$13.80$11.94–$1.86
TrueCPM Opportunity$6.69$4.96–$1.73
Transaction Costs
Total Transaction Costs31.4%23.6%–7.8pp
DSP Platform Cost8.2%6.6%–1.6pp
DSP Data Cost5.0%3.4%–1.6pp
DSP Other Cost4.5%4.3%–0.2pp
SSP Platform Costs11.8%12.8%+1.0pp
Media Productivity Loss
Total Media Productivity Loss37.5%24.1%–13.4pp
IVT Cost0.2%0.5%+0.3pp
Non-Measurable22.7%10.4%–12.3pp
Non-Viewable12.6%11.8%–0.8pp
MFA0.8%1.1%+0.3pp
TrueAdSpend 31.1% 52.3% +21.2pp
Supply Chain
Unique Domains & Apps65,41246,516–18,896
PMP Ad Spend62.2%61.1%–1.1pp
Brand Risk Low97.5%99.4%+1.9pp
TrueAdSpend Index
Q2 2026 Index
45.1%
↑ +1.8pp vs. Q1 2026

What is the TrueAdSpend Index?

The TrueAdSpend Index measures the percentage of total advertising spend that results in high-quality impressions — those that are measurable, viewable, fraud-free, and non-MFA.

It shows how much budget actually delivers real value, helping advertisers understand efficiency by comparing total spend against spend that reaches meaningful, effective media outcomes.

TrueAdSpend Index — Ad Spend Productivity Trends

Stacked view of Transaction Costs, Loss of Media Productivity and TrueAdSpend — 2024 baseline through Q2 2026

Transaction Costs
Loss of Media Productivity
TrueAdSpend (Seller)
trueAdSpendChart
Q1 '25Q2 '25Q3 '25Q4 '25Q1 '26Q2 '26
Transaction Costs26.1%25.2%23.8%23.7%25.9%27.2%
Loss of Media Productivity32.9%37.8%37.2%40.1%30.8%27.7%
TrueAdSpend (Seller) 41.0%37.0% 39.0%36.3%43.3%45.1%

Ad Spend Productivity Trends: Recovery After Q4 Dip

Q2 2026 continues the upward trajectory, with TrueAdSpend reaching 45.1% — the highest level since 2025 benchmarks extending the strong Q1 trajectory.

  • Sustained upward trend in working media: TrueAdSpend rose from 36.0% (2023) to 43.9% (2024), fluctuated through 2025, rebounded in Q1 2026 (43.3%), and reached 45.1% in Q2 2026..
  • Transaction costs remain broadly stable: After rising to 25.9% in Q1 2026, transaction costs rose to 27.2% in Q2 (+1.3pp) — DSP fees eased while the SSP fee ticked up, leaving the supply-chain picture broadly unchanged.

Overall Trend

The data trend shows a clear long-term improvement in efficiency driven by better quality, but with short-term volatility — particularly in 2025 — reinforcing that sustained gains depend on consistent supply quality management and execution.

Quality improvements drive long-term gains: Loss of Media Productivity improved significantly from 35.0% (2023) to 26.3% (2024), deteriorated through 2025 (peaking at 40.1% in Q4), then recovered to 30.8% in Q1 2026 and improved further to 27.7% in Q2 2026, highlighting a consistent recovery in media quality.

TrueCPM Index
Q2 2026 Index
32.6%
↑ Down 1.3pp from Q1
CPM: $6.09  ·  TrueCPM: $9.03

What is the TrueCPM Index?

The TrueCPM Index measures the gap between standard CPM and TrueCPM, showing how much more advertisers pay for quality impressions versus average impressions.

Expressed as a percentage, it quantifies inefficiency in media buying and highlights the premium paid for impressions that are fraud-free, measurable, viewable, and non-MFA.

TrueCPM Index — Quarterly Trend

CPM vs. TrueCPM and the improving efficiency index. Price points peaked in Q4 2025, eased in Q1 2026, then returned closer to typical levels in Q2.

CPM ($)
TrueCPM Opportunity — stacked total = TrueCPM
trueCpmChart
Q1 '25Q2 '25Q3 '25Q4 '25Q1 '26Q2 '26
TrueCPM $9.04$8.64$9.56$12.77$6.47$9.03
TrueCPM Index 37.8%36.5%39.9%44.6%33.9%32.6%
CPM $5.62$5.48$5.74$7.08$4.27$6.09
Total Ad Spend $242M$146M$142M$142M$160M~$176M

Pricing Normalizes in Q2 2026

Q2 2026 pricing normalized after the Q1 low. As demand firmed, CPM moved to $6.09 and TrueCPM to $9.03, while the TrueCPM Index eased to 32.6% (–1.3pp) — a slightly narrower quality premium and the most efficient reading in the tracked period. The index remains below the Q4 2025 peak (44.6%), but the Q1 low did not hold.

  • CPM normalizes in Q2: After the Q4 peak ($7.08) and Q1 low ($4.27), CPMs moved to $6.09 in Q2 as seasonal demand firmed — in line with typical 2025 levels.
  • TrueCPM jumps in Q2: TrueCPM rose from $6.47 in Q1 to $9.03 in Q2, as base CPM climbed and the quality premium widened. It remains below the Q4 2025 peak of $12.77, but well above the Q1 trough.
  • Efficiency gap narrows in Q2: The TrueCPM Index improved to 33.9% in Q1 2026 and continued to reduce to 32.6% in Q2 — extending the improvement from Q1.

Overall Trend

2025 was characterized by mounting cost pressure and widening inefficiencies, culminating in Q4. Q2 2026 showed a two-sided picture — working-media efficiency kept improving (TrueAdSpend reached 45.1%, the highest in the tracked period) while pricing pressure returned as CPMs recovered from the Q1 dip. The structural driver remains a growing cohort of high-performing advertisers raising the benchmark floor through better supply-path optimization and measurement.

For deeper analytics and findings, the ANA Interactive Benchmark allows filtering by environments, marketplaces, time periods, distributions by quartiles and trends-over-time.

Participation, Marketplaces & Environments

Q2 2026 marks a milestone in benchmark scale: participating marketers reached 105 — up 22% from Q1 — and active contributors grew to 85, up 29%. Channel allocation stayed balanced, with CTV at 41.6%, Web at 39.0%, and Mobile at 15.6% of ad spend. CPM increased fractionally across environments, with CTV CPM at $19.97, Web at $4.30 and Mobile at $5.23, aligned closely with Q3 2025. The market continues to grow in both scale and analytical depth.

Ad Spend by Environment

CTV, Web & Mobile share — Q1 2025 to Q2 2026

envChart
Q1 '25Q2 '25Q3 '25Q4 '25Q1 '26Q2 '26
CTV30.4%44.2%45.6%40.2%46.0%41.6%
Web54.9%42.4%43.4%49.7%40.9%39.0%
Mobile11.1%11.0%8.2%8.4%10.5%15.6%

Benchmark Participation

Participating & Active Marketers per quarter

partChart
Q1 '25Q2 '25Q3 '25Q4 '25Q1 '26Q2 '26
Participating Marketers3939395486105
Active Marketers232121356685

Mobile Gains Share as CTV & Web Ease

After leading in Q1, CTV eased to 41.6% and web slipped to 39.0%, while mobile jumped to 15.6% (from 10.5% in Q1) though CTV remains the largest environment. These patterns point to a maturing ecosystem where advertisers are constantly rebalancing between environments while maintaining a strong structural preference for improved media quality and associated supply paths.

CPM Recovers Across Environments in Q2

Overall CPM sat at to $6.09 in Q2, with small increases across CTV, web and mobile as pricing normalized. The rebound was broad-based across environments and deal types.

CPM by Environment — Quarterly Comparison

CTV, Web, Mobile — Q2 2025 through Q2 2026

cpmEnvChart
Q2 '25Q3 '25Q4 '25Q1 '26Q2 '26
CTV$19.18$20.98$19.34$19.02$19.97
Web$5.71$5.67$4.67$3.88$4.30
Mobile$4.70$4.01$5.53$1.62$5.23

Full Participation & CPM Table

Scale, spend and CPM trends — Q1 2025 through Q2 2026

MetricQ1 2025Q2 2025Q3 2025Q4 2025Q1 2026Q2 2026
Participants
TimeframeNov–MarApr–JunJul–SepOct–DecJan–MarApr–Jun
Participating Marketers3939395486105
Active Marketers232121356685
Total Impressions41.9B18.6B17.5B16.7B20.9B23.8B
Total Ad Spend$242M$146M$142M$142M$160M$176M
Monthly Ad Spend$48M$49M$47M$47M$53M$59M
CPM
CPM Total$3.74$5.81$6.86$5.55$4.42$6.09
CPM PMP$5.83$7.15$9.88$8.49$7.77$8.83
CPM OMP$2.75$4.41$3.55$4.29$3.58$4.13
Recommendations — Turning Q2 Findings into Action

1 Scrutinize Transaction Costs — Especially DSP Other Costs

Transaction costs rose to 27.2% (+1.3pp) this quarter — lower DSP Platform and Data fees offset a rise in DSP Other Costs and the SSP fee. Request an itemized breakdown of every fee line in your supply chain, challenge cost components that cannot be explained, and consider direct supplier contracts with log-level data (LLD) access to verify where every dollar goes.

2 Reduce Non-Measurable Inventory First

Non-measurable inventory is now the #1 media productivity problem: the lower-performing half loses 22.7% of spend to it versus 10.4% for the higher half — a 12.3pp gap. Prioritize publishers that accept verification tags and apps supporting open measurement, and shift budget away from paths where quality cannot be verified.

3 Curate a More Concentrated Supply Footprint

Higher-performing marketers used 46,516 unique domains & apps versus 65,412 for the lower half — roughly 19,000 fewer, better-vetted properties. Build and maintain inclusion lists rather than exclusion lists, evaluate the value each domain delivers against the risk it represents, and treat every supply path as an optimization opportunity.

4 Manage Price and Quality Together

The TrueCPM gap collapsed from $11.58 in Q1 to $1.86 in Q2: a $1.35 CPM difference between cohorts now translates into nearly the same effective cost of quality. Evaluate media buys on quality-adjusted cost — TrueCPM versus stated CPM — not headline CPM alone. Cheap inventory that fails quality checks is the most expensive media you can buy.

5 Keep CTV Growth Measurable

CTV reached 41.6% of tracked ad spend — the largest environment in the Benchmark. Build an acceptance framework for CTV sellers and platforms: verify Open Measurement (OM) SDK support, transact through app-ads.txt-compliant supply, favor private marketplaces and direct paths, and demand measurement transparency before scaling spend.

Continue to Manage IVT & MFA

IVT cost (0.1%) and MFA (1.3%) are near historic lows — but only because of continuous detection and filtering. Keep pre-bid and post-bid IVT tools active and audit MFA exposure quarterly; these gains reverse quickly when attention moves elsewhere.

Questions Marketers Should Ask Their Agency

Use these questions in your next agency review to turn the Benchmark findings into accountability.

1.  What exactly is included in our "DSP Other Costs," and how did each fee line change versus last quarter?
2.  What share of our programmatic spend is covered by direct contracts with access to log-level data?
3.  What percentage of our impressions is non-measurable, and on which sellers or platforms does it concentrate?
4.  How many unique domains and apps did our campaigns run on last quarter — and who governs the inclusion list?
5.  What is our TrueCPM versus our stated CPM, and how has that gap trended over the past four quarters?
6.  Are optimization decisions made on quality-adjusted cost, or on CPM alone?
7.  Which of our CTV platforms support the OM SDK, and what share of our CTV spend is app-ads.txt compliant?
8.  What pre-bid and post-bid IVT tools are active on our campaigns, and how is MFA exposure audited?
9.  How do our TrueAdSpend and TrueCPM Index compare with the Benchmark's higher-performing cohort?
10.  What is our quarter-by-quarter plan to move from our current Benchmark quartile into the next one?
Take Control — ANA Interactive Benchmark

Make Informed Investment Decisions with the ANA Interactive Benchmark

The recognition that not every programmatic impression is created equal was the foundation of the ANA's Programmatic Transparency work — directly leading to the creation of the ANA Programmatic Transparency Benchmark in early 2024. We have since produced six ANA Benchmark Reports and provided free online access to any interested ANA Members to the ANA Interactive Benchmark.

What Benchmark Participants Can Do

Evaluate & Quantify

Evaluate quality, quantify waste and costs, and identify where meaningful efficiency gains can be achieved using the TrueKPI Measurement Framework.

Optimize Daily

Optimize Daily: Optimize the delivery of ad spend that meet your quality standards with daily feedback loops to track progress and act on near real-time impression-level data.

Automate with AI

Automate decision-making using AI and third-party tools, powered by near real-time impression-level data from reconciled DSP and ad verification LLD.

Compete More Effectively

Compete More Effectively: Gain higher returns on programmatic investments than Benchmark medians and averages, with access to third-party data feeds across brand risk, suitability, privacy, sustainability metrics and more.

The TrueKPI Framework
TrueImpressions

Quality-Verified Impressions

Impressions that are fraud-free, measurable, viewable, and non-MFA. The foundation of the TrueKPI measurement framework.

TrueCPM & TrueCPM Index

True Cost of Quality

TrueCPM measures the effective cost of TrueImpressions relative to total ad spend. The TrueCPM Index quantifies how much advertisers overpay for non-qualifying impressions. Reducing this gap signals improved efficiency.

TrueAdSpend

Working Budget Share

The share of total ad spend that ultimately reaches TrueImpressions, after deducting transaction costs and losses from low-quality delivery.

Get Involved
Free access for ANA and TAG members · Benchmark and TrueCPM Optimization Course developed with U-of-Digital · Join the 105 Marketers contributing data to the ANA Benchmark in 2026
Bill Duggan — ANA bduggan@ana.net
Julie Weitzner — ANA jweitzner@ana.net
Mike Zaneis — TAG TrustNet mike@tagtoday.net
Tim Brown — Fiducia tim.brown@fiducia.eco